Manuscripts Collection
On July 29, 1837 the United States entered into a treaty with several bands of Chippewa Indians. Under the terms of the treaty the Indians ceded the northern one-third of present-day Wisconsin and 3,061,501 acres of land in what would later become Minnesota to the United States, and the United States guaranteed to the Indians certain hunting, fishing, and gathering rights on the ceded land.
In August 1990 the Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians and several of its members filed suit in the Federal District Court for the District of Minnesota against the State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and various state officers seeking, among other things, a declaratory judgment that they retained their usufructuary rights (the right to hunt, fish, and gather on the ceded lands) under the 1837 treaty, and an injunction to prevent the State's interference with those rights. The United States intervened as a plaintiff in the suit; nine counties and six private landowners intervened as defendants. The lawsuit involved treaty rights on lands located in Crow Wing, Aitkin, Pine, Chisago, Anoka, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Sherburne, Benton, and Morrison counties. Included in this tract is Lake Mille Lacs, Minnesota's premier walleye fishing lake.
The District Court bifurcated the case into two phases. Phase I of the litigation would determine whether, and to what extent, the Mille Lacs Band retained any usufructuary rights under the 1837 treaty, while Phase II would determine the validity of particular state measures regulating any retained rights. The State of Minnesota argued that the Indians lost these rights through a presidential executive order in 1850, an 1855 treaty, and the admission of Minnesota into the union in 1858.
A proposed out-of-court agreement was reached between the Lake Mille Lacs Band and the State of Minnesota by 1992 to resolve the issue. The Save Lake Mille Lacs Association (SLMLA), however, believed that the case should instead be settled in Federal court. The SLMLA and others apparently were successful in getting this proposed agreement thrown out, and the case proceeded to trial.
After a bench trial on the Phase I issues District Court judge Diana Murphy ruled on August 24, 1994 that the Mille Lacs Band did in fact retain its rights to hunt, fish, and gather on the ceded lands, as guaranteed by the 1837 treaty. Several resource allocation and regulation issues related to Phase II of the litigation were resolved in a final order issued in 1997. Judge Murphy's decision was appealed to the 8th circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, where it was affirmed in 1997. The case was then appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgement of the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals in an opinion dated March 24, 1999.
The Save Lake Mille Lacs Association was a coalition of about 100 Minnesota sportsmen's groups formed to oppose any out-of-court treaty rights settlement that might be reached between the state and the Mille Lacs Band that resulted in "unequal hunting or fishing rights on the territory ceded in the Treaty of 1837." The Association further stated that should the case go to court it would assist the state in every way possible to win the lawsuit. Officers of the group included Tim Burns, chairman of the board; Doug Iverson, president; Dick Sternberg, vice president; and Michael S. Carlson, secretary and research director.
The SLMLA research team, headed by Michael S. Carlson of St. Louis
Park, Minnesota, gathered evidence to bolster its contention that the Mille
Lacs Band had no remaining hunting or fishing rights under the 1837 treaty or
under the treaty signed in 1855, maintaining instead that the Band's rights
granted by those treaties had been extinguished by subsequent treaties,
presidential orders, congressional acts, court of claims payments, and Indian
Claims Commission payments. The SLMLA argued that the proposed agreement was
seriously flawed and overly charitable, and that it would forever impact
hunting and fishing in east-central Minnesota. The SLMLA argued that the
proposed agreement between the DNR and the Mille Lacs Band granted
The Association seems to have become inactive after 1994.
The collection consists mostly of research materials: photocopies of archival documents, census records, treaties, and pages of books gathered by the Association in the course of building its argument against affirmation of the Mille Lacs Band's treaty rights, which the it held had been negated by subsequent treaties, presidential orders, congressional acts, and monetary payments to the Band. The originals of these materials range in date from 1837 through 1993. Other files in the collection include SLMLA membership lists, contemporary newspaper clippings, some correspondence with fellow sportsmen's organizations and others, position papers, a few press releases, bumper stickers, notes taken at SLMLA meetings, court decisions and legal briefs, and a few audiocassettes and videocassettes. There is information about legal strategy, fundraising, various lawsuits associated with this issue, and a related treaty rights controversy in Wisconsin.
Of particular interest is a transcription of a treaty journal, which describes the negotiations leading to the 1837 treaty between the Chippewa bands and the United States government, which is contained in the research materials portion of the collection. The original journal is apparently in the National Archives.
These documents are organized into the following sections:
Files of Ann Glumac, Manager of State/Tribal Affairs, in the records of Minnesota governor Arne Carlson in the Minnesota State Archives.
Accession number: 15,699
Processed by: David B. Peterson, February 2003
Catalog ID number: 09-00323453
The sound quality on these cassettes is very poor, much of it unintelligible.
Attendees included representatives from the Save Lake Mille Lacs Association (SLMLA), Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and others. The meeting included a presentation followed by a question-and-answer session.
These items outline the issues involved in the treaty rights case.
These are photocopies of pertinent pages from
Photocopies of pertinent documents from the James McLaughlin Papers, 1855-1937, which are cataloged as manuscript microfilm M230 at the Minnesota Historical Society. McLaughlin was Dakota Indian agent at the Devils Lake and Standing Rock reservations in North Dakota (1876-1895) and was an agency inspector and treaty negotiator for the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (1895-1923).
This file contains photocopies of documents from Minnesota Historical Society manuscript microfilm collections M175 and M215, including letters written by Alexander Ramsey.
These files contain photocopies of documents from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs relating to the negotiation of ratified and unratified treaties, and the transcript of the 1837 treaty journal referred to in Scope and Contents of the Collection, above.
Photocopies of selected documents from Minnesota Historical Society manuscript microfilm collection M175.
Photocopies of selected documents from Minnesota Historical Society manuscript microfilm collection M215.
Photocopies of selected documents from Minnesota Historical Society manuscript microfilm collection M289.