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A free, curated, authoritative resource about Minnesota
Minnesota History MagazineThe lively and essential magazine about our state.
Zongxee Lee, Natalie Hoidal, and Alex Crum
Photography by Lindsey Miller
Medicinal herbs have played important roles for the Hmong people throughout history, but information about these plants traditionally has been passed down orally, with little written documentation. As a result, much of the practical knowledge about how to grow and use these herbs is endangered. Tshuaj Ntsuab helps preserve this legacy through the story of an herbalist family who fled Laos and built a new home and community in Minnesota following the Vietnam War. It is also a recipe book and a botanical compendium of forty-four important medicinal herbs. In Hmong, these herbs are commonly called Tshuaj Hmoob (Hmong medicines) or Tshuaj ntsuab (plant medicines).
Links on this page provide pronunciation guidance in Hmong from May Lee, author Zongxee’s mother, whose wisdom as a niam tshuaj, a plant-based healer and keeper of herbal plants, is gathered and shared in this book. Pronunciation guidance using the International Phonetic Alphabet has been provided by Chia Lor.

| Hmong | Translation | International Phonetic Alphabet | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|
| tshuaj ntsuab | plant medicines | [ /tʂʰua ˥˧ / /ᶯdʐua ˥ / ] | |
| Tshuaj Hmoob | Hmong medicines | ||
| kuab muaj tsuas | valuable or precious plants from the hills | ||
| niam tshuaj | plant-based healer and keeper of herbal plants | ||
| txiv neeb | shaman | ||
| lev | woven plastic rug | ||
| nyob nruab hlis | month of restrictions and confinements | ||
| tshuaj rau qaib | herbs added to chicken soup | ||
| hu plig | soul-calling ceremony | ||
| fij dab pog | soul-calling ceremony | ||
| Hmab ntsha ntsuab | Green vein vines | [ /m̥a ˥ / /ᶯtʂʰa ˧ / /ᶯdʐua ˥ / ] | |
| Hmab ntsha liab | Red vein vines | [ /m̥a ˥ / /ᶯtʂʰa ˧ / /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Hmab tsib nti | Five-finger vine | [ /m̥a ˥ / /tʂi ˥ / /ⁿdi ˧ / ] | |
| Kab raus liab | Red lining | [/ka ˥ / /ʈau ˩/ /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Ko taw os dawb | White duck feet | [ /kɔ ˧ / / taɨ ˧ / /ɔ˩/ / daw ˥ / ] | |
| Ko taw os liab | Red duck feet | [ /kɔ ˧ / /taɨ ˧ / /ɔ ˩ / /liə ˥/ ] | |
| Kob lij xeeb | Field of jewels | [ /kɔ ˥ / /li ˥˧ / /s eŋ ˥ / ] | |
| Kua txob liab | Red pepper medicine | [ /kua ˧ / /tsɔ ˥ / /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Kua txob ntsuab | Green pepper medicine | [ /kua ˧ / /tsɔ ˥ / /ᶯdʐua ˥ / ] | |
| Kuab nplais dib | Melon flesh | [ /kua ˥ / /ᵐbˡai ˩ / /di ˥ / ] | |
| Kuab nplais taub | Pumpkin flesh | [ /kua ˥ / /ᵐbˡai ˩ / /tau ˥ / ] | |
| Kub muas lwj | Deer antlers | [ /ku ˥ ] /mua˩ / /lɨ ˥˧ / ] | |
| Moj tsuas | Hmong celery | [ /mɔ ˥˧ / /tʂua ˩ / ] | |
| Ncas liab | Red fiddle | [ / ᶮɟa ˩ / /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Nkaj liab | Red dye / chicken gizzard | [ /ᵑɡa ˥˧ / /liə ˥ ] | |
| Nplooj qhwv yeeb | Leaf to wrap opium | [ /ᵐblɔŋ ˥˧/ /qʰɨ ˧˦ / /jeŋ ˥ / ] | |
| Nplooj tuaj kaus | Growing from the leaf | [ /ᵐblɔŋ ˥˧ / /tua ˥˧ / /kau ˩/ ] | |
| Ntiv | Flick plant; sweet fern | [ /ⁿdi ˧˦ / ] | |
| Ntiv dub | Black flick | [ /ⁿdi ˧˦/ /du ˥ / ] | |
| Pawj ia | Swamp pad | [ /paɨ ˥˧ / /iə ˧ / ] | |
| Pawj qaib | Chicken butt | [ /paɨ ˥˧ / /qai ˥/ ] | |
| Pos qws | Thorny shell | [/pɔ ˩ / /qɨ ˩ / ] | |
| Qhaus rau qaib | Chicken lily | [ /qʰau ˩ / /ʈau ˧ / /qai ˥ / ] | |
| Qhiav daj | Yellow Hmong turmeric | [ /qʰia ˧˦ / /da ˥˧ / ] | |
| Quab quav yeeb | Sour medicine | [ /qua ˥ / /qua ˧˦ / /jeŋ ˥ / ] | |
| Raw loj | Large following plant | [ /ʈ aɨ ˩ / /lɔ˥˧ / ] | |
| Raws | Following trail | [ /ʈ aɨ ˩ / ] | |
| Sab txhim hmab | Wavy vine | [ /ʂa ˥ / /tsʰ i ˨˩˧ / /m̥a ˥ / ] | |
| Sam mos kab | Side lines sedum | [ /ʂa ˨˩˧ / /mɔ ˩ / /ka ˥/ ] | |
| Siv toj | Hill plant | [ /ʂi ˧˦ / /tɔ ˥˧ / ] | |
| Suv ntsim | Hmong shrub | [ /ʂu ˧˦ / /ᶯdʐi ˨˩˧ / ] | |
| Suv ntsim iab | Wild Hmong shrub | [ /ʂu ˧˦/ /ᶯdʐi ˨˩˧ / /iə ˥ / ] | |
| Suv ntsim soob | Smaller Hmong shrub | [ /ʂu ˧˦ / /ᶯdʐi ˨˩˧ / /ʂɔŋ ˥ / ] | |
| Tauj dub | Patches of black grass | [ /tau ˥˧ / /du ˦˧ / ] | |
| Tseej ntug | Side crawling | [ /tʂeŋ ˥˧ / /ⁿdu ˧˩ / ] | |
| Tshab xyoob | Hmong fern | [ /tʂʰa ˥ / /sjɔŋ ˥ / ] | |
| Tshais qav | Frog leaf | [ /tʂʰai ˩ / /qa ˧˦ / ] | |
| Tshuaj rog ntsuab | Fat green medicine | [ /tʂʰua ˥˧ / /ʈɔ ˧˩ / /ᶯdʐua ˥ / ] | |
| Tshuaj rog ntsuab soob | Smaller fat green medicine | [ /tʂʰua ˥˧ / /ʈɔ ˧˩ / /ᶯdʐua ˥ / ] | |
| Tshuaj rog liab | Fat red medicine | [ /tʂʰua ˥˧ / /ʈɔ ˧˩ / /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Zaj xaws | Dragon sewing | [ /ʐa ˥˧ / /saɨ ˩ / ] | |
| Vas khoos | Gathering the goodness | [ /va ˩ / /kʰɔŋ ˩ / ] | |
| Zab Zi Ntug | Red bulb | [ /ʐa ˥ / /ʐi ˧ / /ⁿdu ˧˩ / ] | |
| Zab Zi Ntug Liab | Red bulb | [ /ʐa ˥ / /ʐi ˧ / /ⁿdu ˧˩ / /liə ˥ / ] | |
| Zej ntshua ntuag | Rough-edge leaf | [ /ʐe ˥˧ / /ᶯtʂʰ ua ˧ / /ⁿdua ˧˩ / ] |